The document discusses Phasor Data Concentrators (PDC) which are components of Wide Area Measurement Systems (WAMS) used to monitor power grids. It describes how PDCs receive synchronized phasor data from Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) via protocols like IEEE C37.118 and consolidate the data from multiple PMUs. The PDC performs functions like data sorting, archiving, and quality checks before transmitting data to applications for real-time monitoring and analysis of power grids.

1. Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC) Seminar By : Nitesh Pandit Kedar Khandeparkar Under The Guidance of Prof. A.M. Kulkarni Electrical Engineering Dept, IIT Bombay 10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System

2. 1. Introduction 1.1 Power Grid 1.2 WAMS 2.Components of WAMS 2.1 PMU 2.2 PDC 3. Standards for PMU 3.1 IEEE C37.118 4. Communication between PMU & PDC 4.1 UDP Communication 4.1 TCP Communication 5. WAMS Implementations 6. Possible Approach 7. Conclusion 8. References 10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System

4. Transmission lines, when interconnected with each other, become high voltage transmission networks these are typically referred to as power grids.10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System

6. The WAMS technologies are comprised of two major functions:

7. obtaining the data

8. extracting value from it

9. Getting the data is accomplished with a new generation of data recording hardware that produces high quality and high volume recordings.

10. Data is extracted and analyzed using several signal analysis tools and algorithms.10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System

11. Need Of WAMS In order to avoid major regional blackouts such as those occurred in North America and Canada in 2003. When constant monitoring applications are available immediate action can be taken if some failures are detected. 10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System

13. Controlling centre cannot know the dynamic operation states of the system.

14. Instant action cannot be taken in case of failures.

15. WAMS enables us to observe the power system synchronously in more elaborate time scale.

16. WAMS requires data to be sent and captured at very fast rate.10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System

18. Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC)10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System

20. A phasor is a complex number that represents both the magnitude and phase angle of the sine waves found in electricity.

21. PMU can have different Data Rate i.e. 60, 30, 10 frame per second.Input Output PMU Secondary sides of the 3Φ P.T. or C.T. Corresponding Voltage or Current phasors 10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System

23. A 1-microsecond error translates into 0.021° for a 60 Hz system and 0.018 ° for a 50 Hz system and is certainly more accurate than any other application.10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System

25. PDC would performs the Real time monitoring , alarming , event triggering.

26. It performs local archiving.

27. It performs various quality checks on the phasor data.10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System

28. Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC) Super PDC Level n Visualization DB Real Time Monitoring Level 1 PDC 1 PDC 6 PMU 1 PMU 2 PMU 8 PMU 41 PMU 42 PMU 48 10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System

30. Align the data as per the time tag and then perform sorting

31. Combine all data from multiple PMU's having same time stamp t into a single frame

32. Perform Local archival and also send the combined frame to other applications.

33. PDCs are available as Hardware and Software.10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System

35. PDC will group together measurements from the same time stamp in to a single buffer.

36. In some cases the measurements may be delayed so there will be more than one time stamped buffer.

39. The PDC assigns this newly arrived measurement to a new buffer.

40. The countdown to the time-out is initiated when the first phasor measurement of a certain time stamp arrives at the PDC.

41. When the time-out is up the PDC will forward the set without waiting for the rest of the phasor measurements to arrive10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System

42. Continue… 10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System

43. Process Model for Sorting begin Send_Set Buffer Full default Time Out Received Frame sort default wait default 10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System

45. IEEE C37.118

46. OPC-DA / OPC-HDA - A Microsoft Windows based interface protocol that is currently being generalized to use XML and run on non Windows computers.

47. IEC 61850 a standard for electrical substation automation.

48. BPA PDCStream - a variant of IEEE 1344 used by the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) PDCs and user interface software.10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System

49. IEEE C37.118 Four message/frame types Command (Binary) Configuration (Binary) Data (Binary) Header (ASCII) Frame Transmission Order SYNC 2B FRAMESIZE 2B IDCODE 2B SOC 4B FRACSEC 4B DATA 1 DATA 2 DATA n CHK 10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System

50. Command Frame is received by PMU in order to take a particular action. Example “turn ON the transmission of data”. Header frame is human readable/ASCII information about the PMU, the data sources, scaling, algorithms, analog filters used, or other related information. Configuration frame contains the information and processing parameters of the PMU. Like it contains phasor, analog, frequency and digital value of PMU. 10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System

51. Configuration Frame Organization 10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System

52. 3)Data frame provides information regarding phasor data and the state of the digital inputs on each channel. It also defines the frequency, angle, over-current, under-voltage and rate of frequency change. 10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System

53. Communication between PMU & PDC1) UDP Communication2) TCP Communication 10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System

54. PDC PMU CMD Frame - Send CFG frame UDP Communication CFG Frame CMD Frame - Send data frame Data Frame Data Frame Data Frame Conf change bit (0->1) CMD Frame - Send New CFG frame CFG Frame CMD Frame - Send data frame Data Frame Data Frame CMD Frame -data transmission off 10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System

55. PDC PMU TCP Communication SYN , Seq=0 Seq=0, Ack=1 Seq=1,Ack=1 CMD Frame - Send CFG frame Ack = YY CFG Frame : Seq 22 Ack = 22 CMD Frame - Send Data frame Seq :23 Ack = 23 DATA Frame : Seq 24 CMD Frame - Stop Data frame Seq :xx FIN 10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System

57. The openPDC is based on the SuperPDC which was developed by the Tennesse Valley Authority starting in 2004.10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System

59. Currently, FNET collects data from over 80 FDRs, most of which are installed in the North American power grid.

60. Applications provided by FNET include

61. event detection and location,

62. oscillation detection

63. visualization.10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System

65. It provides Web display of of the archived data.

66. Work on generating triggers, alarms in case some unusual events occur is in progress.

67. Currently, frequency measuring sensors are located at Mumbai, Kharagpur and Ahmedabad.

68. http://www.wafms.co.cc/10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System

70. SEL

71. TNB

72. KalkiTech10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System

73. PDC Product Comparison Chart 10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System

75. Client Server Architecture.State Diagram : PDC : Process 1 CMD FRM - send CFG Frame PMU Simulator CFG FRM DATA FRM PDC : Process 2 CMD FRM - send DATA 10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System

76. PDC Process 2 Details Receive data/cnf frames Shared Memory CFG frames Pass_ to_ upper_ Layer() Match Create data nodes Sort() Maintains Buffer List Archive() History 10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System

78. With the spread and advancement in this technology real time monitoring and decision making is going to be much easier.

79. Development of free and open source PDC software will certainly boost more contributions from all over the world. 10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System

82. Thank you 10/18/10 <number> Wide Area Measurement System